Chocolate Processing Is A Long History Industry

drinking drinking coffee bean Processing Is A Long History IndustryChocolate touch on is a long history industry in global and since it been spy in the mid 1600, the passion for cocoa grew. When Joseph Fry Son discovered a way to get out the first modern drinking drinking coffee berry bar, its become favourite for sweet and dessert lovers. Since the demand increasing substanti everyy, lots of large burnt umber gild ceremonious in the international securities industry much(prenominal) as Cadbury, Ferrero roce, Hersheys and their mails be strong identified by consumers. Therefore chocolate industry is a high rivalry global market and it is crucial for hot chocolate dress shop to plan appropriate strategical to modify the structure and competitive dynamics to arrive at an advantageous grade. Prior to system planning, drinking chocolate boutique construct understanding the internal and external environment and its position at bottom the industry by utilise ca ble strategy tools such as SWOT analysis, PEST analysis, and value chain analysis.2.0 SWOT analysis of coffee dress shopSWOT analysis posture is the most common using tool by large system of rules whereas it is stand for strength, weakness, opportunity and threat of the firm or industry. Through SWOT analysis, managers basin better understanding its organizations position inwardly the industry and planning appropriate strategy to achieve its mission and goals.StrengthAlthough the rivalry is fierce, chocolate making in Malaysia is quite unique because almost chocolates intersection accuses imported from western company. This given an opportunity for deep brown boutique to establish their local chocolates making company to set up brand identify among local citizens. Through usefulness market direct, burnt umber Boutique established their seventh outlets in eastern Malaysia to quit the demand enlarge dramatically from chocolate lovers. Owing to a undersize organization , the structure of deep brown Boutique is easily to manage and control hereby reduces the administration and operation expenses as salutary as overall comprises. Further, coffee Boutique also gain benefit cheaper cost of material because Malaysia is a broadcast which rich with natural imaginativenesss like harvestings that astray use to process different chocolates prove.WeaknessSince they atomic number 18 lots of large international chocolate company in the market, as a small company it is difficult for coffee Boutique to entry because they had build strong identify toward customers. Again, chocolate is a snack that different people has different flavor taste and thus whose customers loyal to their flavor brand chocolate would not easily change to the otherwise brand. To gain strong brand identify and loyal customers, Cocoa Boutique facing financial problem in advertisement and distribution because this required a large sum to be open to compete with other internationa l chocolate company. Further, approximately of the international brands who achieved the benefits of economic of scale enable to care their chocolate ingatherings in a competitive price. For example, Cadbury who achieve high productiveness and lower the cost per unit lead them change their confectionaries at the lower price and become the price leader in the market.OpportunitySince Malaysia is a equatorial country which is rich with tropical fruit such as mango, durian, and pa cedea, hereby create an opportunity for Cocoa Boutique to research and stand up in the chocolate product mixed of variety fruits. Through developing creation and transmutation, Cocoa Boutique launched new chocolate product by mixed tropical fruit into chocolate as their unique product to maximize customers satisfaction and pursue as the local market leader. As example, to date Cocoa Boutique is the champion and only chocolate house that came up with distinctive Durian Chocolate which had been awarded a s The Most Innovation Chocolate Product 2004 by the Malaysian Cocoa Board. Strategically, the ingredients which produced by local are cheap and easily to access directly lower the cost of distribution as well as research and maturation expenses however setting a high selling price because of its unique. The increasing demands from customers create motivation for Cocoa Boutique to establish their seventh outlets in Sabah, Eastern Malaysia which is one of the famous tourist hooks. Chance comes from own efforts. In continuous teaching, Cocoa Boutique seeking opportunity likes establish outlets in other field of battle or expected alliances with potential company to expand its business scope.ThreatsAlthough the sweetness of chocolates attracts many an(prenominal) people, the growing of health concern stick the passion of chocolate products. match to a health research, chocolate is such a food contributing to diseases like obesity, blood pressure, and diabetes. Chocolate contains high sugar, fat and caloric may turn over negative effect on health specially those chocoholic inheritances with these kinds of disease. However, this threat changes to an opportunity for Cocoa Boutique to make special less sugar chocolate to satisfy customers need. Price is one of the most important elements in strategy planning. Those large chocolate company gain benefit from economic of scale able to sell their products with lower price threatens Cocoa Boutique adjusted their product price to adopt the market trend and result in less profit.PEST exemplar of Cocoa BoutiqueThe external environment consists of variables that are outside the organization and not typically within the short- electioneering control of top management. Opportunity and Threats are components of external environment which influence the success or failure of strategy. PEST framework provides an analysis of possible influences of the broad marco-environment of an organization. PEST stands for Political, E conomic, Social, and Technological.PoliticalThe political go forth of Malaysia is stable although it made up of variety races. As a policy to correct economic, Government offer substitute and appeal local citizens to start up their own business and this policy had lead many small businesses been established including Cocoa Boutique. Cocoa Boutique takes advantage from political factor when launched its chocolate product range of local tropical fruit. According to the Minister of tourism, these products are in phone line with governments vision of providing visitors something unique, a distinct element that cannot be found elsewhere. For face Durian Chocolate, which is unique and only produced by Malaysia. The local fruits used in making chocolate would help increase demand for local fruits, and resulting in culture development such as economic spin-offs for Malaysian fruit growers and local farmers so that they can enjoy the benefits generated by tourism industry.EconomicChocol ate product is such a luxury item where people would purchase it when they are with stable-income. Suppose the global economic crisis, people would have a bun in the oven less money to hap on luxury items however save their money to buy necessary item such as rice and daily accessories. Again, as outline that many global chocolate makers gain their benefit from economic of scale can setting their product price lower and relatively such a small business Cocoa Boutique failing to compete in price war. Customers who are in middle or low income group would prefer get the global brand chocolate because of cheaper and believed high quality.SosioculturalMalaysia is a combination of variety race country giving opportunity for Cocoa boutique earn profit by develop differ range of chocolate products to adopt different cultural customers. As example, Malay people prefer the rich taste of coconut, Cocoa Boutique launched coconut flavor chocolate to satisfy Malay group. People lifestyle cons idered as a key element in food processing industry. Todays people emphasis on diet or lose weight and healthy lifestyle as a barrier to food industry especially those sweeten snack like chocolate. Many chocolate manufacturers shift to adopt the market trend by concentrate on dark chocolate or low sugar chocolate products which believed would help to prevent from heart disease and cancer. TechnologicalUsing technical in process manufacturing would result in cost efficiency and gain competitive advantage in the market. Even though Cocoa Boutique is a small company, its chocolate cooking equipments are standardizing such as using specific machine in the process of chocolate making. Handmade chocolate becomes unique and interesting in this century because the trend of technological world. Strategically, Cocoa Boutique launched ready- chokemade chocolate as this may attract many people and can selling with a higher price because of its unique.4.0 cherish Chain Analysis of Cocoa Boutiq ueThe internal environment of a corporation consists of variables (Strengths and Weaknesses) that are within the organization itself and are not usually within the short-run control of top management. Despite external influencers, company should analysis those internal factors that are most likely to affect the implementation of the present and incoming strategic decisions. Strengths and weaknesses are such impacts of the structure of internal environment within the company.Value chain analysis, as proposed by Michael gatekeeper, is a way of examining the nature and conclusion of the synergies that do or do not exist between the internal activities of a corporation. Its comprising the activities within and around the organization, they are design, produce, packaging of the products and distributing, market and sales the products to customer. Differences among antagonist value chains are a key source of competitive advantage. Cocoa Boutique using the lowest cost material to mak e innovation chocolate product such as local tropical fruit chocolate product range. The fruits supplied by local farmers are cheaper however the product able to sell with a good price because of its unique design. Effective value chain occurred when the entire stakeholders value maximized. In the part of advertisement and distribution channel, Cocoa Boutique maintain long term bond with their stakeholders such as tourism agencies and taxi drivers by offered sales commission to motive them bring customers or tourists into Cocoa Boutiques concept stores. Customers can visit and purchase such special and quality chocolates with acceptable price meanwhile maximize the value of the tourism agencies and increase profit to the shareholders. Cocoa Boutique only distributes and sells their chocolate products to its seven outlets. This may reduce distribution costs but as such weakness of Cocoa Boutique which limited its market share and the possible profitable in the future.5.0 Cocoa Boutiq ues strategy formulationStrategy formulation is the development of long-range plans for the effective management of environmental opportunities and threats, in light of corporate strengths and weaknesses. It includes defining the corporate mission, specifying achievable objectives, developing strategies, and setting policy guidelines. A corporations strategy formulation takes coiffure at corporate-level, business-level and functional-level.Corporate-level strategy of Cocoa BoutiqueThe corporate-level strategy should be defined the organizations purpose and the lines of businesses in which it plans to operate, thus providing the overarching direction for the organization. Many organizations begin their growth and development with a corporate-level strategy aimed at concentrating resources in one business or industry in erect to develop a strong competitive position within that industry. Since Cocoa Boutique established in year 2003, they merely concentrate their business growth and achieveance in chocolate industry within these seven years evidence that they applied directional strategy approach into their business. They develop long term into high quality chocolate processing and chocolate house concept store to provide special products range to customers and build their brand identify in Malaysias market. Since the substantial increase in customers demand when they established the first outlet, they recognized the potential of local chocolate market and strategically applied horizontal growth approach where expand their business into other geographical location and increasing the range of product and avail to their current market. For instance, the high volume sale of Gourmet chocolate in Sabah motivate Cocoa Boutique to develop a wide range of Gourmet chocolate to satisfy the particular customers need. Cocoa Boutique would not wait for lunch but try to meet opportunities from the competitive environment. Next step to expand their business, they committ ed a joint venture agreement with a local corporation so called Genting strawberry Leisure Farm who engages in tourist attraction development. Though the agreement, they alliance aims to acquire substantial revenues by create a diversity theme super acid for customers to have not merely an experiential but learning journey. In brief, the strategy marked out by Cocoa Boutique clearly orienting their corporations vision of continuous growing and developing creation and innovation to maximize their revenues in local chocolate retail market.Business-level strategy of Cocoa BoutiqueA business level strategy is the blueprint that should enable an organization to leverage its resources, so that it can differentiate itself from the competition within a particular line of business. Companies struggle in planning strategy in order to obtain competitive advantage and then gain superior profits from the strategy they designed. Michael Porter has proposed three generic strategies that provide a good jump point for strategic thinking they are overall cost leadership, differentiation, and focus.Considering the rivalry in chocolate industry is fierce, small companies are unable to lead a stand in the market unless they target on the mighty market segment with the right products. Accordingly, Cocoa Boutique used focused differentiation strategy in chocolate industry which serving only one segment of overall market and trying to be the most differentiated organization serving that segment. Unlike other chocolate retailers who sells and distributes their confectionary products on the shelves of minimarket, supermarket or hypermarket, Cocoa Boutique focused on performance in travel retail. Based on the potential tourism industry of Malaysia, they pursuing a niche strategy in focusing on travelers, who are stable income, may come from local and foreign country and main purpose to visit and on the other hand purchase some native products, gifts or souvenirs.As stated that choc olate house concept store is rarely in Malaysia, and to date there are just cardinal companies running this conceptual store, one is Cocoa Boutique and another is Beryls Chocolate retailer. To adopt their targeted customers segment, Cocoa Boutique launched handmade chocolate which is another selling point apart from Durian chocolate. The chocolate made with different shapes like the chocolate model design of Twin Towel doubtlessly suit the tourists need and demand. Due to run a focused on a niche market segment, Cocoa Boutique sells their products price higher than the market brand such as Cadburys and Nestle.In general, the strategy formulated by Cocoa Boutique is directly and simply within an undersized coverage yet is potentially in the future, especially in their business-level strategy planning. In the market of Malaysia, chocolate products can be seen in anywhere and they are usually Cadburys, Ferrero, Mars, Snickers, and other international brands. Almost of them develop in diversity market with the competitive advantage of economic of scale and well known in the line of international. In accordance with the outlined SWOT analysis, Cocoa Boutique recognized their weakness of limited finance as well as low composition and hence wisely develops differentiation strategy in specific market segment in order to acquire higher profit with premium price. This strategy effectively decreases the scope of competition environment and evaded the hot price war with existing chocolate retailers. Their effort in business-level strategy also access to strategic alliances in corporate-level. Considered Genting Strawberry Leisure Farm is a potential travel attraction that might complement their strengths and offset their weaknesses, the joint-venture strategy allows Cocoa Boutique to obtain a greater sales impact at less cost. 6.0 Strategy implementation of Cocoa BoutiqueAn idea is nothing until it becomes an action. Even the best conceived strategies are of little val ue if they are not implemented effectively. It should be noted that the plan for implementing a strategy might require radical design of organizational structure, the development of new control system, well ingenious in handling human resources by develop strategic leadership. Cocoa Boutique who is the small enterprise gains the benefit in implementing their conceived strategies because the small fields of organization structure simplify their operation.Operations Decision of Cocoa BoutiqueLocation is such key success in tourism industry and strategically, Cocoa boutique allocated its outlets nearby or within the tourist attraction. For instance, the latest Cocoa Boutique outlet has been established in Sabah, which is the famous vacationland in East of Malaysia. In order to gain competitive advantage, Cocoa Boutique develops appropriate operations decision to implement the strategy and ensure all the resources are used efficiently. Considered travel vocation is depend on seasonali ty of demand, the inventory planning and control should be well- handle to avoid the problem of whether inefficient to meet customers demand or over- order during the top out season. From processing cocoa to chocolate products, Cocoa Boutique decides how much material or ingredients should be ordered and determines the production quantity because food products may have expired date and the expensive costs to storage them with low temperature. A range of customers demand analysis is needed to prevent the food perish and take in lose from seasonal discount.Quality control is the key role in operating food processing companies because the food is directly influencing the customers perspective and even their healthy. despicable quality control of food and beverage would significant result a companys reputation and vicious aftermaths like involving in lawsuit. To ensure the quality and delicious of chocolates, all the Cocoa Boutique products are produced by using 100% pure cocoa butte r in authentic Belgium recipe following Good Manufacturing institutionalise (GMP) and stringent quality control that complies with the international standard of hygiene. Cocoa Boutique to build reliability has offer live chocolate making show to customers to channelize their professional chocolate making procedure.In the part of service quality performance, they allocate employees at every corner of specific products range to provide set down taste testing and reliable sales advice to customers. The information system of Cocoa Boutique not merely worked in the part of financial and human resource management, but also the key role in implementing their business level strategy. Regarding in the aspect of tourism, customers would not come themselves unless they heard about the tourist attraction from fellows, advertisement from newspaper and radio, or joining a tour group. Hence, it is imperative to develop in advertisement and distribution channel in order to build reputation among customers. To gain competitive advantage, Cocoa Boutique make headways their attraction by building long term relationship with travel agencies. They allocate vouchers and brochures to travel agencies for customers contraption and offered forty percent of commission for travel agencies, bus and taxi drivers to motive them bring customers to visit their shops.To satisfy these important stakeholders, the commissions from the total purchase of the customers bring by them can be obtain immediately after the customers checked-out. That is to say, a computer information system is imperative to record all the details of the tour guides and drivers including their codes and the commissions they undisturbed based on the total purchase of customers they bring. Conversely, the low service quality of commission checking would result in loss confident among tour guides toward the company and the likelihood of being boycott by them. There is a manager allocated in each branch of Cocoa Boutiqu e to responsible for the commission-pay system and tour guides service control. To maintain long term relationship, managers would send information about the total commission collected to each tour guides and drivers once a month though e-mail or SMS.Human resource managementEffective strategy implementation should occur when the people required to take action to this end are motivated to do so. Employees are the key role of sale achievement in Cocoa Boutique because they using direct sale approach to deport customers purchase their products. Consider chocolates is perishable and have limited life shelf, employees must struggle to sell out the products in advance. Thus, developing motivation strategy is required to increase employees willingness to hard sale the products and enhance their byplay satisfaction. Cocoa Boutique uses the performance-pay approach to motive their employees. The idea is employees paid a base salary, however is qualified for additional compensation based on achieving certain pre-approved tasks or goals. For instance, Cocoa Boutique had setting target revenue of incoming Chinese New socio-economic class holiday, the entire workforce of the branch will be rewarded bonus suppose they reach the target. The key of success is the managers who wisely develop leadership in the squad or branch to build a healthy workforce and thus improve cooperation among employees. In other words, performance-pay plan make it clear to managers what should be pay prior attention because they would get even more compensation. Cocoa Boutique also concern in training and development to ensure their employees is skillful to sell their products and provide appropriate advice to customers. They applied on the job training by admit employees to learn job tasks by actually performing them. This method, in somehow has effectively reduce the cost of expenditure in formal training and bring the training meaning to both employees and organization. Marketing Strategy Marketing strategy is about the approach to deliver companys products and services to satisfy customers. Wrong decision in marketing would affect success or failure of strategy implementation. Likewise, marketing plan would be determined base on the companys mission. Cocoa Boutique engage in pursuing market leader in chocolate manufacturer and retail which catering for travel flip. They merely concentrate on their performance in tourist market segment by developing four Ps, which consisting product, price, place, and promotion.The implication of Four Ps in Cocoa BoutiquePlace always the first consideration in developing marketing strategy. Before even starting a business, companies need to assess their own core competencies and then evaluate the place that will complement them in business line, geographic positions, or competencies.Strategically, Cocoa Boutique and its outlets are located in the place that is accessibility, visibility and mainly catering for travel trade, for exam ple some of them are located in the Malaysia Tourism Centre and Genting Highlands, which is an international tourist attraction. Cocoa Boutique continuous research and develop in products creation and innovation to become the leader in chocolate processing industry. To date, they offered variety of products range to meet different customers need and want, they including tropical fruit chocolate, gourmet chocolates, healthy range, and so on. Among the various chocolate flavor, Durian chocolate is the unique and best recommendation products because of the selling point of Malaysias symbolic. Others, the healthy chocolate range is even catching on the trend of healthy lifestyle in todays world. They promote this range of product by using slogan Sugar free pleasure without the guilt to attract those chocoholics struggling between health and delicious. In the consideration of Malaysia is an Islamic country, Cocoa Boutiques chocolate product also complying with Halal requirement to encour age Muslims consumption.In fact, the price of products and services in travel trade are usually higher than the market because they serving on stable or high income group. However, Cocoa Boutique set their chocolate products price higher than the available in common market because of the quality of their chocolate and provides well services to increase customers value. Even they pursuing premium price in their marketing strategy, they have launched a Super Value package to adopt different customers demand. Travel trade is deeply depending on seasonal demand, therefore Cocoa Boutique design different promotion to different special day. For instance, they launched new packaging in Valentine day as the ideal gifts for couples. Environmental protection issue becomes ordinary in this contemporary since the global temperature again hit the peak in this summer. Most of the country had implemented zero plastic policy to reduce taint and recently Malaysia started implements this policy too . Cocoa Boutique takes the chance to offer free reusable bag for customers who purchase their chocolate products as a way to promote their products. In consideration of cost efficiency, the reusable bags are made in China due to the low cost and acceptable quality.Despite a preen marketing strategy is non-executable without develop appropriate marketing skills. Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) is a concept of marketing communication planning that recognizes the added value of a comprehensive plan. IMC can produce stronger message consistency and greater sales impact. Most of the large organizations engage in improved integrated offering by acquire promotion agencies, public relations firms, package design consultancies, web site developers, and direct mail houses. Cocoa Boutique promotes their attractiveness by take part in Tourism Malaysia Promotion Board created by Malaysia Ministry of Cultural, Art and Tourism. Furthermore, they organized public relations activities in or der to build good reputation and well-known brand in the segment of tourists. Even a small company, they hired package design consultancies and web site develops in the way to improve their business visibility, build brand identify and customer loyalty and finally result in increase sales.Strategic leadershipA key strategic role of managers is to provide strategic leadership for their subordinates. Hereinbefore all strategies would not implement successfully without leading by an effective leader. Take a place of managers of Cocoa Boutique is vital to develop leadership characteristics such as emotional intelligence and empowerment. Emotional intelligence (EQ) is the ability to recognize and manage emotion. A leader who is high degree of EQ understands his role in the organization and ability to control them mood and drive subordinates motivation to complete different job tasks. Meanwhile, they also develop empathy and social skill to build good relationship with the employees and h elp to earn loyalty from employees. Considering Malaysia built up with various racial, the workforce of Cocoa Boutique likely consists by different culture and religion. Managers should well handle in conflicts settlement and strive to maintain harmony in the workforce. Managers may develop mentoring by allocates the experienced employee even themselves to coach new employee to build good attitude and behavior modeling in the branch on the other hand increase communication among them. When employees seek some one as the model in the organization, they willing to pursue the goals and commit high loyalty to the career.Empowering subordinates or employees to make decisions is a good motivational tool. Such employees involve in decision making would increase their job enrichment and satisfaction and thus enhance their motivation to perform better. There is high empowering in Cocoa Boutique where managers need the opinions and suggestions from employees regarding the customers perspectiv e and value to their products. The employees opinions sometimes helpful in research and development of new products which likely match customers need and want. Others, Cocoa Boutique also give high authorize to each branch managers to manage the operation as long as they keep their performance in sales and services quality.7.0 ConclusionIn general, the strategic formulated by Cocoa Boutique is only present on the travel trade and implemented by simply managing people, develop marketing purpose and operating management to satisfy all the stakeholders of the organization, such as shareholder, employees, and the agents involving in travel trade. A strategic that focuses on specific market is rather good because concentrates on single business definitely easy to manage and control, yet, the business scope is limited and pin down the potential profits in other markets. In continuous develop in local market, Cocoa Boutique should expand their business scope to increase awareness among cus tomers to their brand and impact on sales.

Role and purpose of sponsorship

Role and purpose of snitchshipSponsorship is defined as a cash and/or in-kind payment paid to a belongings (typically a gasconades, entertainment, non-pro converge showcase or organization) in return for access to the actable commercial capableness associated with that property (International Events Group (IEG) Glossary, 2010). Sponsorship skunk be beneficial to companies for many reasons provided the two principal(prenominal) reasons for a firm to enter a patronageship ar (1) to increase shit consciousness, and (2) to establish, strengthen, or change crisscross frame (Cornwell and Maignan 1998 Crowley 1991 Gwinner 1997 Gwinner and Eaton 1999 Marshall and throw 1992 Meenaghan 1991 Meerabeau et al. 1991).Sponsorship is now one of the or so signifi nookyt parts of marketing mix and all marketers consider it a major factor of a successful marketing campaign. The most popular long suit of sponsorship is diversion sponsorship and accounts for more than than half o f all sponsorship spending in UK and US (Thwaites, 1995). In UK the estimated value of sponsorship market is 871 million with frolic sponsorship accounting for 51% of all sponsorship expenditures in 2005, broadcast following with 27% and arts with 14% (Mintel, 2006).It is all-important(prenominal) to label the difference between answer sponsorship and matter marketing. Event sponsorship involves payment from the sponsors side in contrast to grammatical case marketing which refers to staging of an exit from a firm with or without paying a sponsorship fee (Close et al, 2006). Sponsorship is in like manner opposite from patronage. In patronage the financial livelihood is given without any expectation of returns in terms of advertising or publicity, in sponsorship the main reason of financial contribution is grunge certainness (Bennett, 1999). jibe to Meenaghan (2001) sponsorship is more beneficial than advertising for two main reasons Firstly, consumers potful develop an i ntense randy response toward sponsorship and this leads to higher levels of intimacy in the event. Moreover, sponsorship is an indirect attempt to persuade consumers compared to advertising which is direct. therefore, sponsorship can invite consumer on a subconscious level.A diagnostic pass judgment, use to make decisions concerning sponsorship and advertising is public awareness of sponsorship (Tripodi et al, 2003). As Gwinner and Bennett (2008) take note a lot of query was conducted on the effects of sponsorship on leaf blade awareness (Cornwell Coote 2005 Gwinner Swanson, 2003 Madrigal, 2000, 2001 Pham Johar, 2001 Rifon, Choi, Trimble, Li, 2004), thus, the most recent studies on sponsorship focussinged on early(a) element in array to measure the effectiveness of the sponsored events. As the authors state recent studies focus on the consumer side toward sponsorship (McDaniel 1999 Speed Thompson, 2000 Stipp, 1998), (Dean, 2002 Gwinner Eaton, 1999 McDaniel 1999 Ri fon et al., 2004 Rodgers, 2004 Szykman, Bloom, Blazing, 2004), good result (Meenaghan, 1991, 2001), fan involvement (Fisher Wakefield, 1998 Madrigal, 2001 Meenaghan, 2001 Schurr, Wittig, Ruble, Ellen, 1988 Wann Branscombe, 1993), get wind transfer (Gwinner, 1997 Gwinner Eaton, 1999), and behavioural intentions like procure intent, collateral word-of-mouth, and actual grease ones palms behavior because of sponsorship (Madrigal, 2001 McDaniel, 1999). Sports sponsorship is the most studied type of sponsorship and the majority of studies had shown a positive influence of sponsorship on brand name draw off and recognition, bod transfer and purchasing intentions (Kim and Choi, 2007). However, no enquiry has conducted on how brand awareness, eventsponsor mark off, bearing toward the sponsors, fan involvement and purchasing intention can be effective in a melody fiesta surrounding. All the above studies mainly focus on sports events because sports sponsorship is more popula r than another(prenominal)s types of sponsorship (Mintel, 2009). accord to BBC News the sales of albums dropped by 3.5% in 2009 to 128.9 million, this was the fifth division in a row that sales of album be in possession of fallen. On the other side, unison digital downloading increased (BBC News, 2010). Therefore, the medical specialty industry should determine other methods in order to increase its pro sees. Music festivals and concerts are becoming a major source of income for artists and generally the medicinal drug industry (Campaign, 2008). This is a great chance for brands to sponsor symphony event.According to Mintel (2008) the total number of concert goers is forecast to continue rising to 2013, but at a much slower ordain that over the last five years just under 25 million people are forecast to attend a concert in one of the major categories in 2013, compared with an estimated 23 million in 2008 and 17 million in 2003.Furthermore, a research commissioned from Tar get Media (executed from Eyebal) shows that many different sectors choose to associate with music festivals, but those with the most potential for success are pelter drinks, with 75% of festival goers spotting booze ads at festivals and 77% believing alcohol brand advertising would work best at festivals. Fashion brand advertising has been spotted by 36% of those attending festivals and 41% believe this kind of advertising would work best in a festival environment. (cited in Roberts,2009). According to a research made on sponsorship of music festivals, brand sponsorship has an squeeze on brand recall, awareness and attitude towards the brand (Rowley and Williams, 2008).Although sponsorship of music festival from alcoholic drinks looks very promising as a marketing communication tool health issues can impede this process. According to Campaign (2009) the governments health committee will recommend changes to advertising codes to prevent alcohol companies sponsoring music or sports events if a proportion of the audience would be too young to pervert alcohol. On the other hand, a research made from The Cardiff Business School, publish by the International Journal of Sports Marketing Sponsorship, found that there are no significant statistical correlations between sports sponsorship awareness and attitudes to alcohol use among modest drinkers. (cited in Parson,2010).This study aims to provide a better understanding of brand sponsorship on music events. The main purpose of the research is to study how sponsorship in music festivals can influence the beliefs and attitudes of the participants. Through the analysis of the impact of music sponsorship on consumers perception of brands it will be easier for firms to target their customers more efficiently. Music concerts and festivals that use alcoholic drinks as sponsors will be indueigated in order to examine the behavior of the consumers. The research will focus on alcoholic drinks (Tuborg beer) because alcoho l brands are the most common sponsors of music events.The objectives of this research areExamine the levels of brand awareness in music festivalsInvestigate the level of fan involvement of music festival participantsDetermine the congruity between music festivals and alcoholic drinks as perceived from the consumersExamine the attitude of participants toward the sponsors of music festivalsInvestigate if attitude towards the sponsor, fan involvement and sponsor / event fit influence the buying intentions of music event participantsThe first chapter will provide the academic background of sponsorship especially in sports events because most foregoing studies are related to sports. However, the variables that were used from previous researchers in order to measure different aspects of sponsorship effectiveness will be adapted to our study on music events. Variables much(prenominal) as brand awareness, fan involvement, sponsor and event congruence, attitude towards the sponsor and pur chasing intention will be explained at this stage of the research. both variable will be defined and the results from previous studies will be presented. In this way, we will determine our objectives and define the measurement that will be used throughout the report.In the second chapter the methodology will be presented. Due to the scope of our research and base on previous studies only quantitative research will be conducted. The collection of the data will be found on questionnaires. Questionnaires will be distributed in a popular music festival (Latitude Festival 2010) in order to test the impact of sponsorship in music events. Research instruments and data collection method will be part of this chapter as well as the way that our survey was conducted.In the next chapter, the results of the entire research will be presented. SPSS will be used in order to analyze the collected data and to evaluate the level of significance of our results. Descriptive statistics as well as corr elation and regression analysis will be conducted in order to check the validity of our results. Tables and graphs will also be concluded in this part of the study.In the last chapter, the conclusions will be pull and compared to the results of previous studies. The conclusions will be used as a guide in order to advise marketing managers in their future marketing campaigns. boundary of the study as well as ideas for future research will be concluded in this part.Brand awarenessThis study will investigate how sponsorship in music festivals can influence the beliefs and attitudes of the participants hence all types of branding should be defined. Brands can influence consumers in many different ways. According to De Chernatony and McDonald (2003) brand awareness reflects the salience of a brand and facilitates consumers abilities to reveal the brand with a particularised yield category. Brand awareness consists of brand recognition and brand recall (Keller, 1993, Keller 2001). R ecall is the readiness to name (typically unprompted) the brands involved in a given sponsorship. On the other hand, Brand recognition develops the notion of knowledge by adding the ability to recognize the product category of the brands involved (Smith, 2004). For instance everybody knows that AIG is the sponsor of Manchester United but fewer people recognize that AIG is an insurance company. In addition, brand image reflects the consumers perception of a brands characteristics and can be gauged by associations they hold in their memory (De Chernatony and McDonald, 2003).According to Keller (2001) positive perception of the brand is likely to affect the cognitive (eg brand recognition, awareness and recall), affective (eg liking or preference for the brand) and conative (eg intention to buy, brand purchase and loyalty) dimensions of consumer behavior and create strong brands which yield marketing advantages, such as lower vulnerability to competitive actions or market crises, th e ability to earn higher margins and increased marketing communication effectiveness. In addition, Gl Szer and Vardar support this statement on their journal. According to the authors the positive effect of sponsorship is mainly on the cognitive dimensions of brand rectitude. Cognitive dimensions of brand equity, which are brand awareness and perceived quality, represent lower levels of consumer-brand relations.The main reason for brands to sponsor events is increased brand awareness and improved brand image (Gwinner and Eaton, 1999). Moreover, sponsorship is the main medium for art festivals to raise money (Hume et al., 2007). According to Alexandris et al (2008) potential sponsors who target events with young and more educated spectators might have an easier task in sponsorship forwarding and in achieving sponsorship objectives, than sponsors who target events with older and less educated spectators, who are probably less informed about sponsorship issues. These spectators need more focused marketing approaches in sponsorship promotion, if awareness is to be achieved. Therefore, sponsorship of music festivals can be more effective on dawning the sponsorship objectives due to the target audience of music festivals. The audience of inclination/indie festivals is mainly male between 16-34 and their social status is ABC1 (Mintel, 2008).The first stage of sponsorship benefits is awareness, without it, the sponsors cannot meet their subsequent objectives such as image enhancement, positive behavioural intentions and increased sales (Crompton, 2004). The actual use of the product in the sponsorship event is of major importance for the awareness of both the product and the brand. In events that sponsors provided a specific souvenir item and allowed product sampling the recall and recognition levels of the sponsor were higher (Miloch and Lambrecht, 2006). The mean recognition rates for these sponsors were twice as high compared to those sponsors that did not acti vate their sponsorships (Miloch and Lambrecht, 2006).It is also interesting enough that the recall levels change during the event. Before and during the event the recall levels of the sponsor are relatively high but after(prenominal) the event they fall again in the initial levels, the communication effort of the sponsor is what determines the effectiveness and the duration of the sponsorship awareness (Walliser, 2003). Moreover, Grohs et al (2004) support that people who are aware of the sponsor before the event, they are more aware after it. Brand equity of sponsor plays a major role in the fit that consumers perceive between the sponsor and the event. Even if the events sponsored are identical, high brand equity sponsors are perceived more congruent than low brand equity ones (Roy and Cornwell, 2003).Higher recall and recognition levels can be achieved when people are interested on the event (Miloch and Lambrecht, 2006). This means that when the participants are more involved wi th the event higher brand awareness can be achieved for the sponsor. According to the results from a survey conducted from Vale et al (2009) the level of investment is related to the level of awareness. Consequently, the sponsors that invest more in the sponsorship were more evoked. The results also suggest that sponsorship when considered in isolation from other complementary communicative policies positively affects the awareness of the sponsoring brands through exposure (Vale et al, 2009).The alliance between exposure and recall is generally positive and not an inverted U as many researchers supposed (Zajonc, 1968 Bennett, 1999). Therefore, a repeated exposure to stimuli (e.g. the logo of the sponsor) will lead to a more kindly opinion towards the stimulus (Bennett, 1999). If the spectator frequently visits the area of sponsorship (e.g. a football stadium) it is more likely to be aware of the sponsors perimeter posters (Bennett, 1999). However, consumers get confused about the formalised sponsor of the event (Grohs, 2004). Ambush marketing can be the reason for the misunderstanding of the official sponsor. It is common in sponsored events brands that are not the official sponsor and do not have a direct connection to the event to try to exploit the commercial opportunities that appear (Burton and Chadwick, 2009). In order to predict sponsor recall many parameters of sponsorship should be determined. According to Grohs et al (2004) sponsor-property fit, event involvement and exposure are the main factors to be considered.According to the research of Boshoff and Gerber (2007) both brand recall and brand recognition of the sponsor of the event increased significantly but brand recall and brand recognition of non sponsor did not increase at all. Therefore, sponsorship has a positive direct impact on brand awareness of the sponsor. Although, field-sponsorship stimuli as well as television-sponsorship stimuli are effective as far as memorization is concerned, they are not equally effective (Lardinoit and Derbaix, 2001). According to the research of Lardinoit and Derbaix (2001) television-sponsorship stimuli influence both unaided recall and recognition on the other hand, field sponsorship can lead to a superficial memory trace in the understanding of the consumer.Fan InvolvementAccording to Meenaghan (2001) fan involvement refers specifically to the extent to which consumers identify with, and are motivated by, their engagement and affiliation with particular leisure activities. stick out involvement corresponds to a kind of genuine enthusiasm, a strong and solid interest that comes from the relevance of an object or subject for the individual ( Lardinoit and Derbaix,2001). On the other hand, team identification is spectators perceived connectedness to a team and its performance and represents the final mechanism of fan attachment (Smith et al, 2008). Consequently, fan involvement is used to measure the attachment of an individual tow ards a social or leisure activity and team identification to measure attachment towards a team.Individual that are more involved towards an activity, they are capable to comprehend the values of the event and to associate these values to the sponsor of the event (Meenaghan, 2001). Fans who attend football matches in order to support their team they share the same norms and images with other fans and their involvement to the whole event generates positive beliefing towards the group of fans (Bennett, 1999). According to Lardinoit and Derbaix (2001) it is of major importance for the success of sponsorship to reach high levels of involvement because involvement attracts the consumers to watch the sponsored event, for longer periods of time and more frequently. The authors also mention that involvement leads to extensive exposure to the sponsors message. Purchasing intention can also change when the attendant is highly involved in the activity (Meenaghan, 2001).Fan involvement has an i mpact on brand awareness and brand image of the sponsor. As Pitts and Slattery (2004) state highly move viewers and individuals who are more aware of the event it is more likely to recognize the sponsor compared to less committed spectators. This also support from the research of Lascu et al (1995) which was based on golf fans. According to the finding high involved golf fan were more likely to remember the name of the sponsor. In addition, the greater the interest of the participant for the event, the greater the sympathy toward the sponsor and this lead to more positive image for the sponsor (Alexandris et al, 2007 DAstous and Bitz, 1995). This is also supported from Close et al (2006) survey An event attendee who is more active in the area of the event (e.g., sports) is more likely to appreciate a sponsors community involvement. According to Alexandris et al (2007) highly involved attendants of basketball were more likely to engage in positive word-of-mouth.According to Wann Br anscombe, (1995) an individual can feel more secure and strengthen its self esteem by belonging to a group. They also mention that a person emphasize on the positive aspects of the group and try to avoid any negative associations. The above behavior strengthens their identity as team members (Madrigal, 2001). Loyal and dedicated fans of a team or an event (as described from the research) were much more likely to purchase or consider purchasing from sponsors of the event than those who were not as avid supporters of the team or the event (Dees et al, 2008 Fisher and Wakefield, 1998 Madrigal 2000 Schurr et al, 1988 Smith et al, 2008 Wann and Branscombe, 1993). Moreover, highly identified sports fans are also more likely to be aware of the sponsor and to form a positive attitude (Gwinner and Swanson, 2003 Madrigal,2001). Highly identified fans also attend games (Fisher Wakefield, 1998 Schurr et al, 1988, Smith et al, 2008), spend more on tickets and products, and remain loyal (Smith e t al, 2008).The development of an unrestrained family between the consumer and the social activity can also be a result of an effective sponsorship (Meenaghan, 2001). It is interesting, that fan involvement did not have the same impact as other variables as attitude toward the sponsor and goodwill. According to Dees et al (2008) attitude toward sponsor and goodwill have greater impact than fan involvement on purchasing intentions.In order to understand the behavior of attendants of performing arts it is very useful to determine the descent between subscription and involvement and the birth between the quality of the event and the purchasing intentions of the attendants (Hume et al, 2007).Sponsor and event fitIt is of major importance for the success of an event the consumer perception of congruence between the event and the sponsor, accordingly sponsor brands need to be close to the event participants and try to communicate with them during the event( Gl Szer and Vardar, 2009). In image sponsoring, the sponsoring company attempts to identify itself or one or more of its products with the positive images of the event held by the events consumers (spectators, viewers) (Ferrand and Pages, 1996). Therefore, the sponsor should consider how the image of its brand can be congruent to the image of the event.Gwinner and Eaton (1999) in their study about sponsorship and image transfer found that if consumers perceive similarities between the event and the sponsors brand the image transfer was enhanced. This statement was also supported from a latter research made from Gwinner et al (2009) on team identification and event sponsorship. Speed and Thomson research (2000) found that a good fit between event and sponsor can have a positive influence on attitude toward the sponsor and in the intention of using the sponsors product. An use of good category-level fit would be a sports clothing company sponsoring tennis. If there is category-fit consumers next consider fit a t the level of the brand, Adidas, for example is a worldwide sportswear brand that would fit with a top-level tennis brand such as Wimbledon(Gwinner and Eaton, 2009).In order to determine the influence of sponsorship we should take into account similarities. There two types of similarities according to Gwinner (1997)Functional similarity occurs when the participants of an event use the product of the sponsor and image related similarity occurs when the image of brand and event are interrelated. An example of the above theory is given by Donald and Cornwell (2003), Mountain Dew has successfully developed brand associations of over the edge and extreme by sponsoring sports such as skateboarding and snowboarding that have similar associations attached to them.Brand knowledge is also a factor that it should be considered when we evaluate sponsorship techniques. High levels of brand knowledge can lead to brand cohesiveness and make the individual able to find a fit between the brand and the event (Gwinner and Bennett, 2008). If the participant of an event is aware of the sponsoring brand (brand knowledge) he can easier conceptualize the similarity between the brand and the event. In addition, it is crucial to take into consideration sponsor-property fit, event involvement and exposure when we fatality to predict sponsor recall (Grohs et al, 2004).According to Becker-Olsen and Simmons (2002) participant who are exposed to sponsorships with low fit generated less favorable thoughts, formed a less favorable attitude toward the sponsorship, saw the firms positioning as less clear, and engendered less favorable affective and behavioral responses to the firm. If there is a relationship between the product and the event consumers can easier recognize the sponsoring brand than if there is no relationship (Pham Johar, 2001). Therefore, it is more effective in awareness terms if a guitar manufacturer sponsor a music event than a sport event.There is a connection gap (lack of congruence) between the event and the sponsor if the event is over commercialized (Gwinner and Bennett, 2008). According to the authors this is due to the feeling of ontogeny that that participant develops toward over commercialized brands. This is also supported from Speed and Thomson (2000) who state that the positive association found between perceived sincerity and response to sponsorship suggests that consumers do not perceive sponsorship to be just another form of commercial activity but are sensitive to the potential philanthropic dimension that a sponsorship may haveThe way the congruence or fit between the in condition(p) and unconditioned stimuli is perceived from the individuals influence the conditioned response (Speed and Thomson, 2000). The consumer response is stronger when there is a fit between the sponsor and the sponsored event (Crinmiins and Horn 1996 Otker and Hayes 1987 Speed and Thomson, 2000 Stipp and Schiavone 1996). Therefore, the fit between the spons or and the sponsored event is of major importance for the success of event. In addition, the combination of personal liking from the consumers side and a good fit between the event and the sponsor will lead to a more positive respond toward the sponsor of the event (Speed and Thomson, 2000).According to Roy (2000) student that perceived that there was a high level of congruence between the brand and the sport event transfer this positive association to the corporate image of sponsor. He also mentions that the attitude of the students toward the sponsor due to the fit between brand/event, was also positive. Positive cognitive and affective responses from the consumer are the result of fit between the event and the sponsor (Koo et al, 2006). Fit is also important in order for the brand to reach its target market and instigate the affective associations (McDaniel, 1999) spot towards the sponsorOne of the major objectives of sponsorship is the development of positive attitude and feelin g toward the sponsor of the event (Gwinner Swanson, 2003 Harvey, 2001). According to Lee and Sandler (2007) the effectiveness of sponsorship in terms of reaching the desired objectives is related to the different attitudes that consumer have towards different events.Attitude is a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor (Eagly and Chaiken, 1993). Therefore, the attitude toward the sponsor can be either positive or negative. The positive attitude toward the sponsor can be the result of favorable beliefs about the benefits of corporate sponsorship (Madrigal, 2001). If the corporate sponsorship is perceived as important from people their attitude is more positive toward the sponsor of the event (Madrigal, 2001).According to Mason (2005) attitudes are comprised of enduring cognitive (beliefs), affective (evaluative emotional attachments) and behavior tendencies towards an object . He also mentions that sponsorship influence the affective components of attitude and generate positive link between the event and the sponsors brand.Attitude toward an object is based on the beliefs that the individual has about that object and the behavioral intentions toward the object are determined from the attitude of the individual (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975). Therefore, attitude toward the brand is a relatively enduring, unidimensional summary evaluation of the brand that presumably energizes behavior (Spears and Singh, 2004).It is interesting enough that even when the sponsorship awareness of the sponsored event is low, spectators of the event developed positive attitude toward sponsorship in general (Alexandris et al, 2008). According to Alexandris et al (2008) the sponsorship campaign should not over commercialize the event in order to maintain the positive feelings of the participants toward the sponsor. As already mention over commercialization has also a negative impact on the consumers perception of ev ent/sponsor fit (Gwinner and Bennett, 2008). According to the authors this is due to the feeling of exploitation that that participant develops toward over commercialized brands.Attitude toward the sponsor is important in order to predict the purchasing intention of attendants (Alexandris et al, 2007 Lee et al, 1997 Speed and Thomson, 2000). In addition, sport activity involvement, and beliefs about sponsorship play an important role on the prediction of sponsorship outcomes such as image, word of mouth, and purchase intentions (Alexandris et al, 2007). Positive attitudes toward a sponsor have further been positively associated with favorable perceptions and intentions to purchase a sponsors product (Speed and Thompson, 2000). Brand image of the sponsor can also be improved from repeat attention of the event (Lacey et al, 2007).Purchasing intentionPurchase intentions are an individuals conscious plan to make an effort to purchase a brand (Spears Singh, 2004). Consumers purchase in tention is based on two main influences first, a positive attitude towards the brand and second, brand familiarity, which is obtained from brand exposure and prior use (Pope and Voges, 2000). The enhanced company and brand awareness that sponsorship can cause is only a part of its effectiveness. According to Smith et al (2008) sponsorship can also create the desirability to the attendants of the event to buy the sponsored products. This is also supported from previous researches on consumer purchasing intentions (Faircloth, Capella and Alford, 2001 Koo et al 2006 Lee et al., 1997 Madrigal, 2001 Meenaghan, 2001 Terry and Hogg, 1996). It is also interesting that congruency between sponsor and event is influenced from brand equity. As Roy and Cornwell (2003) mentioned sponsors with high brand equity sponsors are perceived from participants of the events as more congruent than those with low brand equity.The link between personal attitude toward an object and the actual behavior is call ed behavioral intention (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975). Therefore, when we want to predict the influence of sponsorship, attitude toward the sponsor is of major importance. Speed and Thomson (2000) state that positive attitudes toward the sponsor can motivate the participant to purchase the sponsors product. This occurs because generally consumers positive attitude towards the brand will lead to purchase intention before the actual purchase of the brand (Spears and Singh, 2004). However, celebrity advertisement may not be as effective as sponsorship. According to the experimental study of Tripp et al (1994) when celebrity advertisement increases the intention of consumer to purchase the product decreases.Three variables that lead to higher purchase intentions according to Smith et al (2004) areTeam supportSponsor receptiveness (openness to further information, interest in learning more about the sponsor and knowledge of the sponsors business)Sponsor integrity (is a composite measure o f respondents views about the relationship between the sponsor and the sponsored sporting team) Some interesting finding from the research of Smith et al (2004) is that the purchase intentions are positively influenced from sponsorship if the participants are passionate supporters of the sport team or the event. In support to the above statement, Spears and Singh (2004) mention that avid supporters (loyal and dedicated fans) and those who hold positive views of the corporate sponsors its more likely to buy the sponsors product than non fans. On the contrary, the frequent match attendance did not have an impact on purchase intentions (Smith et al, 2004). According to Dees et al (2008) the pleasant atmosphere of an event is what influences the consumer to purchase the product of the sponsor. During the event the marketing message is introduced to the consumer. Therefore, the consumer will buy the product of the sponsor in order to experience the same feeling that he had during the eve nt.According to the research conducted from MacDonald and Sharp (2000) on consume

Positive Reinforcement Vs Punishment In Enhancing Learning

Positive Reinforcement Vs Punishment In Enhancing LearningPositive reinforcing comment is the conveyance of a stimulus that has the preferred effect on strengthening a certain sort while punishment is the introduction of a stimulus that has an effect of declining certain behavior. Positive financial backing is a method acting applied to strengthen good deeds and do away with bad behavior in sisterren. Positive accompaniment also instills a sense of self-worth and inspires self-belief in tikeren. The most common rules of affirmatory reinforcement given to children include, praising or honor a child which raises the child chance of cleaning his/her room.Punishment is wasting diseased to refer to addition of something aversive so as to discourage the behavior. The most general chemise involves slashing a child for disobedience. The reason why the children stir behavior after a punishment is that they always relate reprimanding with invalidating behavior. Since children fear reprimanding children in that locationfore empty involving in negative behavior which calls for punishments.Positive reinforcements versus punishments as authority for seeingProponents of appointed reinforcements represent that utilise of reprimanding to boost learning in children is an aversive method that is painful and uncomfortable. According to (Coon, 2005), people and conditions related with punishments involve a tendency of becoming fe atomic number 18d, disliked and relented. This aversive attitude of punishments makes it particularly poor as means used to for making children to learn. When used as a means to promote learning in children, punishments will plainly instill fear and children will not be willing to learn.Supporters of positive reinforcement suggest that positive attention can be used to keep improving the childrens behavior. Natrajan, (2003), argues that a get up index try to set future goals with the child and this promotes the child to learn quickl y. On the contrary, punishments instill fear in the children and they develop a low regard on any goal that might be set by the p atomic number 18nt. Natrajan, (2003), raise argues that punishments cannot be used in goal setting.Positive reinforcements can work salutary with children by giving them tangible items or praising child for a task well done or even a hug. The children will learn to improve their behavior since they like rewards and gifts. Advocates of punishments argue that, when children get used to being rewarded with tangible items in order to involve in positive behaviors. In much(prenominal) a situation rewards and gifts can become a problem when they are too expensive for the parent to provide. According to Natrajan, (2003), gifts and rewards can be in efficient in promoting learning in children since children can develop an attitude that they bind to be given rewards in order to per design specific tasks. In addition, advocating for a rewarding culture in chil dren does not instill a sense of responsibility in them and children learn to perform tasks only because they expect to be paid.Advocates of positive reinforcement also argued that parents have been worried that positive attention might lead to ruining their children. However, supporters of positive reinforcement have maintained that positive attention encourages the children to long doing good in order to get support of parents. Proponents of positive attention, argue that rewards or commending children can ruin them only when given while not due.Proponents of positive reinforcements suggest that it would work well when a parent notices her child wrong things, by commenting something negative about the behavior. According, to Natrajan, (2003), such a comment from a parent might act as a reward for the unsuitable behavior and the child will change since the children have realized the parent is not halcyon with the behavior. Supporters of positive reinforce also advocate for a pa rent to wait and notice when the child does something in effect(p) and takes the opportunity to explain the wrong behavior.Proponents of positive reinforcements argue that when commending the child the focus should be on the parents feeling rather than criticizing the child. An example is when a parent notices her child assisting an some other child in a theater care, the parent should commend the child with words such as that makes me..proud of you.In such a situation the child feels esteemed and this promotes the good behavior.Advocates of punishments suggest that while victimisation punishments as a means of teaching children, then, the punishments should be mild. According to, (Coon, 2005), when the punishments are too mild they can become ineffective. For instance, a child who is fond of snatching toys form her sister should not only be punished exclusively the sister should also be congratulated for sharing toys with the others. According to, (Coon, 2005), reprimanding inf orms the person the response was not unspoiled but it does give the person the direction of the right thing.In circumstances that pose immediate hazard to children, like a situation where a child reaches for something hot or a picking a toy that rolls in the middle of the road, mild reprimanding will be applicable to stop disaster. Reprimanding in such circumstances works best(p) if it produces actions that are incompatible with the response the individual wants to suppress. For instance, when a child stretches his/her hand to reach a hot stove, its best to reprimand the child by slapping the outstretched hand so that it is withdrawn immediately.Advocates of punishments argue that reprimanding lowers the possibility that a response will be repeated. According to (Coon, 2005), for punishments to be effective they need to be given after the undesired response takes place. A punishment works effectively by reducing the frequency of occurrence of the inapplicable behavior.According t o (Coon, 2005), the effectiveness of punishments in bringing to an end the undesirable behavior depends on their timing, strength and regularity. Reprimanding work best when it takes place when undesirable behavior is being witnessed and immediately afterwards and when it is applied each cartridge holder such a response occurs.Advocates of punishments suggest that severe reprimanding following a situation that could have resulted to risk of infection is extremely effective in bringing to an end to a behavior. For example, when a 12 year old child gets a shock by set his/her finger in a light socket that may be the last time the child ever tries such. In many situations reprimanding on temporarily only suppress the behavior and responses restrained by mild punishments more(prenominal) often than not resurface.Supporters of positive reinforcements, according to Perry, (1973), argue that reprimanding cannot eliminate such vices like deception in children. Rutter, (1987), maintains that reprimanding only motivates the children to be better at lying and use the refined lying skills to other situations in which lying may advance their invades. He further adds that when children become experts in lying there is no any height of punishments that will change their behavior.According to (Rutter, 1987), use of positive reinforcement is more effective in stimulating learning in children than use of caning. For example, offering a piece of candy for a child who scores high label on a test promotes the child to do better in future tests. In addition, use of verbal praise, such as telling the child well done my child stimulates a child to improve the performance in future tests.Advocates of punishments argue that reprimanding is stronger and lasts for a long time as compared to positive reinforcement. According to (Coon, Mitterer, 2008), in case a parent has a particular task which they wish their children to perform, and after accomplishing the task badly they are r eprimanded on the other hand when they do them well they are reinforced mildly and they will accomplish the task mediocre. According to (Perry, 1973), when a parent displays discontent with the child when the transaction is poor then, the children are likely to change the situation.Cameron (2006), argues that the society has used punishments rather than positive reinforcements to promote desirable behavior although the results have not always been positive. Teachers have been known to reprimand children who do not complete their homework with the hope that students will be able grow a sense of accountability for their work. In addition, Cameron (2006), argues that parents condemn their childrens working routines so that they can instill high standard of success. Punishment systems have been created and maintained as means of accomplishing aims of high output, contentment with success, misgiving for others and so on.Use of punitive means as a means to encourage learning should not be used since reprimanding is among the main source of outdoor(a) have power over peoples characters. Cameron (2007), argues that since disciplinary means have resulted to serious negative effects has lead to society condemning the usage of any external form of influence. Many researchers have also condemned use of punishment as a means of learning since it involves external control of human behavior and has negative effects. Punishments should not be used as a means to promote learning since students enjoy school environment and work hard particularly when there is a properly set positive reinforce system. Children admire and enjoy learning do so without being punished. Positive reinforcement works by making children self-motivated to accomplish their goals.Advocates of positive reinforcement argue, punishments should not be used promote learning, since use of punitive systems has not been able to encourage learning but instead it has resulted to bitterness, sense of low self-wor th, dissatisfaction and attempts to overthrow those in power. Cameron (2007) argues that use of disciplinary means has backfired.Typically children, learn by early interactions with the caregivers to use socially distinguish skills to meet their needs. According to Stormont et al., (2007), this pattern of communication is governed by principles of positive reinforcements. This principle of positive reinforcement demonstrates that when the character is contingently obeyed by an object or events find strengthening, they are likely to continue to use the behavior. For instance majority of the children have continued to request for an item using polite language like please and this behavior reform those who comply.Advocates positive reinforcements argue that use of punishment to enhance learning in children is an aversive method that is painful and uncomfortable. According to (Coon, 2005), people and conditions related with punishments have a tendency of becoming feared, disliked and r elented. This aversive attitude of reprimanding makes it particularly poor as means used to for making children to learn.Advocates of positive reinforcements suggest that, it is among the best method of instilling a learning behavior in children. According to (Rutter, 1987), when positive reinforcements are used correctly, it can have good results in influencing children behavior. Rutter, (1987), further maintains that children adapt quickly and are willing to act in behaviors that are desired by their parents.Supporters of positive reinforcement in addition imply that use of reprimanding should be discouraged in children upbringing. Hawes Shores (2001), also support that yelling to children when they have been found involved in undesirable behavior as a form of punishment. The advocates of positive reinforcement argue that instead of yelling at childrens for wrong doing, parents should reward them when the behavior is desirable so that the rewards add to stimulate the good behavior .Advocates of punishments as a means to promote learning suggest that reprimanding should be used as a means of training when children display risky and dangerous behavior. Perry (1973), maintains that a parent cannot use positive reinforcement such as a reward to bring an end to dangerous behavior running into traffic. Use of punishment would be the best remedy to discourage such wrong behavior.Supporters of punishments have also suggested that very negative reprimanding to be effective is changing children behavior. If two children are fighting over a toy, the best remedy to bring an end to the fight over the toy would be by removing the toy (Perry, 1973).Advocates of positive reinforcement argue that among the benefits of using positive reinforcement particularly in a classroom setup is that children become more attentive and take more interest in learning. Contrary, to this when the cane is applied to reprimand wrong responses the children develop fear of participating actively in classrooms. Hawes, Shores (2001), maintain that when children are commended or rewarded with touchable items for right answers they develop desire to learn and enhanced participation in classroom.Advocates of positive reinforcements argue against using punishments as a mode of instilling behavioral change in children. Rutter (1987) suggests that positive reinforcement is a better psychological means of bring out behavior change in children and at the same time its simpler to utilize. According to (Perry, 1973), parents are required to weigh the consequences of using punishments and those of positive reinforce and then make the best choice.My own view is that I support the use punishment when children engage in wrong behaviors. According to the Bible spare the rod and spoil the child suggests that children should be reprimanded in order to stop undesirable behavior. Considerable punishment need to be applied to bring about behavioral change. The timing and intensity of the punish ments should be dependent upon specific stimulus expect from children. For example, if a parent finds a 12 year putting objects in power socket, the child should be reprimanded and informed of hazards of electricity. The choices of whether to use positive reinforcement or punishments depend on the parent or the caregiver.

Hatsue and Ishmaels Incompatibility in Snow Falling On Cedars :: Snow Falling Cedars Essays

Hatsue and castaways Incompatibility in S in a flash Falling On Cedars Dear Ishmael, ...I dont chicane you, Ishmael. I can think of no much honest way to say it. From the very beginning, when we were little children, it butt againstmed to me something was wrong. Whenever we were together I knew it. I felt it inside of me. I loved you and I didnt love you at the very same moment, and I felt troubled and confused. Now, everything is obvious to me and I feel I have to tell you the truth... I am not yours any(prenominal) more. I wish you the very best, Ishmael. Your heart is large and you are gentle and kind, and I know you will do great things in this world, but now I must say good-bye to you. I am going to move on with my life as best I can, and I hold that you will too. Sincerely, Hatsue Imada Snow Falling on Cedars, by David Guterson, is an emotional story in which we see the life of a man who could not move on and a woman that did. The man, Ishmael, is hop elessly in love with the woman, Hatsue. His love for her can not be dissuaded by anything not her words, her wishes, or her marriage. He holds on to Hatsue because of his feelings for her, rase after he gains the knowledge that it is extremely improbable that he could ever be with her. Hatsue is much more logical and rational with her feelings. She saw her love with Ishmael for what it was. She realized she did not really love him and that she was still learning what love really is. She moved on with her life, whereas Ishmael could not. Ishmaels view of love did not flip throughout the novel. He met Hatsue as a child, and formed the idea that he loved her through his limited knowledge and through his adolescent view of relationships. His love was simplistic, yet real. He had concrete reasons for his love. He enjoyed being with her. He looked forward to meeting her in the hollow cedar tree. He went out of his way to see her, even if she did not see him.

Platonic Paradox :: essays research papers

To research Platos paradox in the Meno, we can first consult the definition of what platonism is. Websters narrows platonism as "actual things atomic number 18 copies of prodigious ideas and that these ideas are the objects of true knowledge apprehended by reminiscence." For this essay, we leave behind assume that trancendency is- "that which is beyond comprehension", and reminiscence as "past experience". The Meno is a conference between Socrates, a scholar and Meno, who in the end became an explorer. For this essay, however, we will assume that Meno is at the time of the dialogue, an upper-class citizen of average to better than average intelligence and superior stubbornness. The piece, fit to the translation by G.M.A. Grube is thought to get down taken place in approximately 402 B.C. in Athens, Greece. Late in the text, a third character, Anytus, a politician, who would eventually be an accuser of Socrates, joins in the dialogue. In the text, Meno in trying to define virtue accidentally slips in to a paradox or contradictory statement, which Socrates immediately refutes. It is the employment of this paper to recognize the paradox, examine how Socrates disproves the paradox through argument and evidence. Socrates also brings up a key distinction between true opinion and knowledge, relating to the paradox, which will too be examined. Socrates then gives basis for more argument regarding the paradox, and why he does this will also be examined. The initial argument takes place when Socrates challenges Meno to define virtue. Meno does non realize here what he has started. Meno has before inquired whether virtue is a quality that can be taught or if it is a natural trait, that men are born with. Socrates, in method true to form, twists the question and re-poses it to Meno to see if Meno can answer it all on his own. Meno lists what he thinks are virtuous qualities, and is content at that simple definition. Socrates then says &quo tI seem to be in luck, Meno, while I am looking for one virtue, I have found you to have a whole swarm of them."Menos frustration begins to set in. He tries theatrical metaphor to define virtue, as well as relating to physical philosophy and philosophers much(prenominal) as Empedocles.Meno at this point gives up and hands the philosophy to Socrates. Socrates presents Meno with a paradox"....He cannot search for what (a debater) knows- since he knows it, there is no need to search- nor for what he does not know, for he does not know what to look for.